Unbiased and Biased Estimators

One of the goals of inferential statistics is to estimate unknown population parameters. This estimation is performed by constructing confidence intervals from statistical samples. One question becomes, â€Å"How good of an estimator do we have?† In other words, â€Å"How accurate is our statistical process, in the long run, of estimating our population parameter. One way to determine the value of an estimator is to consider if it is unbiased. This analysis requires us to find the expected value of our statistic. Parameters and Statistics We start by considering parameters and statistics. We consider random variables from a known type of distribution, but with an unknown parameter in this distribution. This parameter made be part of a population, or it could be part of a probability density function. We also have a function of our random variables, and this is called a statistic. The statistic (X1, X2, . . . , Xn) estimates the parameter T, and so we call it an estimator of T. Unbiased and Biased Estimators We now define unbiased and biased estimators. We want our estimator to match our parameter, in the long run. In more precise language we want the expected value of our statistic to equal the parameter. If this is the case, then we say that our statistic is an unbiased estimator of the parameter. If an estimator is not an unbiased estimator, then it is a biased estimator. Although a biased estimator does not have a good alignment of its expected value with its parameter, there are many practical instances when a biased estimator can be useful. One such case is when a plus four confidence interval is used to construct a confidence interval for a population proportion. Example for Means To see how this idea works, we will examine an example that pertains to the mean. The statistic (X1 X2 . . . Xn)/n is known as the sample mean. We suppose that the random variables are a random sample from the same distribution with mean ÃŽ ¼. This means that the expected value of each random variable is ÃŽ ¼. When we calculate the expected value of our statistic, we see the following: E[(X1 X2 . . . Xn)/n] (E[X1] E[X2] . . . E[Xn])/n (nE[X1])/n E[X1] ÃŽ ¼. Since the expected value of the statistic matches the parameter that it estimated, this means that the sample mean is an unbiased estimator for the population mean.

The Olympic Olympics At The 1988 Seoul Olympics Essay

The 100m final during the 1988 Seoul Olympics, went from being called the greatest race in history to the dirtiest race in history over a time period of 24 hours. Ben Johnson Bronze medalist at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, Gold Medal at the Rome World championships in 1987 and a former record holder for the 100m sprints and now a permanent dent in the history of Canadian and Olympic history after he tested positive for the anabolic steroid Stanozol, at the 1988 Seoul Olympic games. The event everyone had been waiting for at the Seoul Olympics was that of the 100 meter final where spectators and fans would be able to who the fastest man alive was. The Rivalry between Carl Lewis and Ben Johnson had been built up after many years of close competition most notably since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics where Carl Lewis winning gold for America and Ben Johnson winning bronze for Canada. When Ben Johnson won the 100 meter final at the world championship in Rome he had beaten Carl Lewis five times before and gained a world record. This caused him to become very popular with the media and in Canada with people seeing him as a new hope for Canadian sports after their embarrassment at the Montreal Olympics in 1976 with Canada being the first country to hold the Games and not win a single gold medal. After Rome Carl and Ben both set their sights on The Zurich track and field meet on August the 17, which was only a month out from the Seoul Olympics. Before this meet, however, Show MoreRelatedImpact Of 2012 Olympics On Hospitality Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages2012 Olympics and its impact on the hospitality industry of London. Research Background / Context On 6th July’ 2005 London was selected as the host city for the 2012 summer Olympic and Paralympics Games. 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Introduction of Advertising Free Essays

Principle of Advertising Lecture 01 Introduction of Advertising Prepared by Samantha Chow What is Advertising? Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. zagbook. com/ Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now zagbook. com/ Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. zagbook. com/ Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. zagbook. com/ Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. zagbook. com/ Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands by Marty Neumeier http://www. zagbook. com/ What is Advertising? It is the â€Å"non-personal† communication of information usually paid for What is Advertising? Persuasive in nature about Product Service Through various media ATL vs BTL ATL Advertising †¢? ATL = Above the line †¢? Conventional in Nature †¢? Mass media (TV, radio print) to promote brand †¢? Non-personal to customers †¢? Make use of current traditional media – TV, newspaper, magazine, radio, outdoor BTL Advertising †¢? BTL = Below the line †¢? Less conventional †¢? Direct mail, Public relations, sales promotions †¢? Using highly targeted lists of names to maximize the response rate †¢? Touch and feel product ? brand recall Available Media TVC Print Newspaper Weekly Magazines Non-weekly magazines Airport Bus Body Bus shelter Cinema First Vision In-store Promotion What is Marketing? What is Marketing? It is the process by which companies create customer interest in goods or services. What is Marketing? It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business development. End of Lecture 01 Thank you 😀 Resource from: Marty Neumeier, Zag: The Number One Strategy of High-Performance Brands [http://www. zagbook. com/] Prentice Hall, 2007, Integrating advertising, promotion and market communication How to cite Introduction of Advertising, Essay examples

Oil Consumption - CO2 Emission and Economic Growth

Question: Describe about the Oil exporters MENA would be influenced by Paris concurrence with all the penalty on the oil marketplace facing the confronts of climate alteration and a sluggish oil market? Answer: Introduction In the last 20 years UNFCCC summits, taken place in many cities, worldwide (UNFCCC: Climate Change, 2009). The recent one held in the Paris in 2015 in the month of December. The fundamental mean of this Conference of Parties is to uncover lasting elucidation to the effect or penalty of global warming usually referred to as weather Change through contradictory policy method. As the main reason for global warming is supposed to consequence from the utilization of hydrocarbons in anthropogenic (human-influenced) performance, like as making of lesser energy (Electricity) as well as transportation, counter the question under premised on this preface. Background In 1992, nations joined a universal settlement, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as a structure for global cooperation to battle climate alteration by restraining average universal temperature also enlarge the resultant climate alteration, and managing with effects that were, by then, predictable. By 1995, nations begin negotiations to reinforce the global rejoinder to climate revolutionize, plus, two years afterward, implemented the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol lawfully attaches developed countryside Parties to release reduction objective (McLean and Stone, 2012). The procedure first obligation period underway in 2008 and finished in 2012. The next assurance period commenced on 1 January 2013 also, will conclude in 2020.There are currently 196 Parties to the meeting along with 192 groups to the Kyoto Protocol. The 2015 Paris conformity, approve in Paris on 12 Dec 2015, results in the newest step in the development of the United Nations climate alteration command and construct on the exertion undertaken below the conference. The Paris conformity charts a novel course in the worldwide effort to struggle climate transformation. The Paris concurrence seeks to speed up and strengthen the performance and venture essential for a sustainable short carbon outlook (Neeff, 2013). Its chief target is to reinforce the global reaction to the intimidation of climate amend by maintaining an Earths temperature increase this century fine underneath two degrees Celsius over pre-industrial point as well as to practice efforts to bind the temperature to enlarge even advance to 1.5oC. The accord as well targets to intensify the capability of countries to agree on the effect of weather change. To accomplish these determined goals, suitable financial flows, counting by, earlier than 2025, situating a new aim on the stipulation of economics from the USD 100 billion level. Along with an improved capability building structure, will be instated: therefore supporting act by developing nations and the mostly susceptible countries, in order with their personal national aims. The conformity will also improve the precision of the proceed and sustain through an extra vigorous transparent structure. The ignition of petroleum produces a mixture of pollutants like as CO2, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide and particulate substance. These impurities are unswervingly and circuitously linked to weather change also public health issues. Since one of these fossil fuels, lubricate has lesser carbon stuff than coal, although extra than usual gas. The transportation segment reported for highest CO2 production followed by the development sector (counti ng refining). In the transportation part, gasoline along with diesel donated the highest percent of the Carbon dioxide emanation. Atmosphere change is a significant confront for the earth. As chief corporations from the oil and gas sector distinguish both the consequence of the weather confront and the effect of liveliness to human life with well-being. The present style of greenhouse gas production is in the surplus of what is essential to bind the temperature increase to not further than 2o over pre-industrial stages. The confront is how to gather larger energy demand through the less Carbon dioxide. Harsh legislation will forever direct todecarbonisation, however, in an atmosphere of enormously fewer energy costs, they may be induced to inefficient investment judgment. The superficiality of carbon-aggravated climate harm will have to be reasoned in if companies are to distribute, as value signals are at present unfortunate (Carbon fix, 2013). This circumstance has spoiled speculation in spotless energy also makes it extra intricacy to change customer behavior. Oil generating nations are currently foreseeing a complete phase-away of remnant fuels in the approaching decades, also are consequently quickening to abandon as more easy-admittance economical oil in the marketplace, though there is yet purchased slightly than sluggish production to maneuver prices and spending low-priced withdrawal of new ways. In recent times six main oil corporations viz BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Saetre entire have written an letter to Minister of Foreign, Laurent Fabius as well as Christiana Figueres from France, who is Executive Secretary (ES) in the UNFCCC. By stating that, they can acquire earlier climate act, if administration offer even tougher carbon pricing plus ultimately connection it every up into a worldwide structure that places a correct cost on the ecological and financial expenses of greenhouse gas production. That pose to commence carbon pricing scheme where they dont so far survive at the general or local stages, make an worldwide structure that could ultimately attach national structure. Following Paris weather accord, Saudi Arabia, demonstrating the Arab concern group, prepared a concise statement to applaud the whole planet for having attained the momentous gathering, which had a well stage of stability. That approached after abundant media information indicts Saudi Arabia of demanding to obstruct the consultation. Paris weather agreement is particularly trying to bound utilization of fossil fuel counting oil, which symbolizes the source of proceeds for oil sells overseas countries. Simultaneously, Middle-East and North Africa (MENA) statesare being sturdy hit by weather alteration, which Paris accord is efforting to hold. Tackle by the challenges interests in a booming international oil market also minimum weather alteration impact, oil dealers made the right plus hard decision of amalgamation Paris agreement. However, that is not sufficient.Mainly oil dealers inMENA area need restructuring to stop diminish oil subvention andexpand their financial systemby developing more business atmosphere and developmentmodernization. Wealth diversification is along-lasting procedure that can regularly reduce oil reliance and grow an adjustment for the advantage and affluence of their prospect invention. Oil Exporting Nations Paris Environment Change Conference Energy or Power policies of MENA, oil selling to overseas nations would be influenced as they united to the Paris Concurrence, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) convention (The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Oil Exporters After the Global Crisis, 2012). Formerly, oil exporting countrieshave always opposed any global rule that would bound the utilization of it. They have earlier been accounted to block endeavor to move in the direction of stringent warming goals as well as have repeatedly stressed gas and oil as part of the resolution to climate alteration. However, this situation has changedsteadily in the past some years as the effect of climate variation started to turn into more visible in the area. Most MENA nations is endangered by climate modification or change. Reduced rainfall, hotter summers, desertification, a smaller amount water run-off from peaks sheltered in snow, as well as more repeated droughts are possible to disrupt cultivation, wh ich occupies more than 35% of the workforce of MENAs (Khatib, 2014). Paris Accord The International Energy Market Apprehensions of climate transformation are altering the international energy market.The Paris climate alteration accord proposes that the globe is more devoted than before to toggle their economies by keeping themselves away from oil. Furthermore, more strict carbon management may develop later to convene Paris agreement objectives. According to the conformity, reassess of carbon stockpile will take condemn after five years, the timeline for upgrading and reconsidering of obligations in every duration of five years is as well established, and an initial stocktaking will projected for 2018. While, currently intended contributions as affirmed in the(INDCs) or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions are not sufficient to convene with Paris agreement aims; they are supposed to escort to 2.6 deg increase (Rose, Wei, and Bento, n.d.). So, more rules will be required to attain the objective of below 1.5 or 2 degrees as decided in Paris. The gatherings note that a lot greater emanation s reductions will be mandatory. Also, current worldwide carbon production is dawdling moreover, are expected to peak before 2030. Whereas, developed countries are already ahead of their peak emanations. In 2015, in the month of November, the blueprint was unconfined to decrease US emissions with the extent to a 28 percent by 2025 by White House. Even China, the major producer of carbon, has vowed that its emissions of carbon would pinnacle by the year 2030 as according to INDC of China (He, 2015). However, that may appear even earlier. Thus, there is increasing evidence that culmination of oil requirement may take place even former than 2030 to convene the objective of no further than 2 degrees temperature rise as in Paris Concord, with important influence on the international oil market. Ending Of Oil-Dependence For MENA Oil Exporters Trade as customary is not an alternative for oil exporting nations. Revenues from oil selling to abroad are supposed to stay approximatelyat well under their present fiscal requirements, let alone economics future development. Currently, their economic deficits are at documentation peak. The augment in a multiplicity of oil delivery and a decline in manufacture costs could considerably cut oil selling to other countries, from MENA nations. As According to OPEC, the likely requirement in 2020 from OPEC will be approximately 1 million BPD fewer than their active creation (Oil demand and transportation: an overview, 2015). Conversely, MENA nations are in frantic need of financial growth as well as new service. Inferior revenues will ultimately force administrations of oil exporting states to appoint fewer community servants. According to the IMF local Economic viewpoint Middle East and Central Asia, in the GCC 2015 (apart from the UAE), further 2 million states are likely to link with the employees by 2020. As well as the World Bank has previously estimated the requirement for a 100 million occupation opportunities to be formed in the MENA area by the year 2020 (Shebeb, 2015). Also, current rules of gas and oil subsidies in the area are not appropriate or sustainable also it significantly distorting the liveliness of market. In the year 2013, according to working paper of IMF, energy rules in the MENA area (plus Pakistan and Afghanistan) summed total $ 350B, which surpassed GDP by 10% and symbolized 30% of entire or overall revenues (International Monetary Fund, 2014). Such endowments were accountable for escalating energy strength in MENA area during the years between 2000 2012, whereas it was declining globally at a typical annual pace of 2.5% (Raben and Snip, 2014). Progressing on a trail of elevated energy grants whereas, revenues are nearly flat with elevated economic shortages at a time of robust requirement for more employment and growth are all signs that existing strategies are not sustainable. Issues And Challenges Facing By Oil And Gas Industry Economy demystification away from fuel-dependence is necessary for MENA oil transporting states.Although mainly in the oil-generating MENA nations, has embarked upon a strategy of financial diversification, not much has been attained excluding for the United Arab Emirates, which is an apparent accomplishment story in economic diversification (Chortareas, Cipollini, and Eissa, 2011). Every other oil transporters in the MENA section are reliant on oil with altering degrees through Iraq being the major (Bhattacharyya and Blake, 2010). Furthermore, the oil division is considered by being capital-concentrated as well as produce limited express service which builds it not as much attractive to the states future wants. The civil sector is extremely dependent on management spending also wishes to turn into self-dependent throughout increased aggressiveness in auxiliary markets. The input to monetary diversification is the formation of business pleasant atmosphere to promote personal division and overseas development reserves. A further important planthat promotes diversification is accepted modernization jovial strategy. Concentrating on fostering improvement, not just capitalizes on the area person resources, however, also develop the competitiveness of confined commerce for equality, the limited marketplace and sell overseas, therefore, help to reduce dependence on economic strategy. Moreover, local modernism is a significant asset to acclimatize to weather change, which can make local green manufacturing. Local advancementin green cooperations can guide a base up the procedure of testing and modification in technology, supremacy, and standards. Economy demystification of oil transporting MENA nations away from lubricating reliance appears the only sensible response to existing confronts (Al-Nahleh and Al-Zaubi, 2011). Developing a business atmosphere as well as progress, innovation is meant to feature a diversity. Even though many countries commencing policies to expand their financial system, just the UAE can maintain accomplishment. Others require to pursuing. Conclusion Oil exporters MENA would be influenced by Paris concurrence with all the penalty on the oil marketplace facing the confronts of climate alteration and a sluggish oil market (Al-mulali, 2011). They must follow existing actions to hasten efforts to expand the financial system away from entire oil reliance, which can be accomplished by eliminating/ reducing gas and oil subsidies, recuperating business situation and development of conjugal improvement. Diversification of Economy is a dawdling course that needslong years of development in the sectors of non-oil.Continuance on existing economic trails for the majority of MENA states is merely not sustainable. References Al-mulali, U. (2011). Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries. Energy, 36(10), pp.6165-6171. Al-Nahleh, M., and Al-Zaubi, K. (2011). Oil Prices and Financial Markets Activity: Empirical Evidence from Some MENA countries. IBR, 4(2). Bhattacharyya, S., and Blake, A. (2010). Analysis of oil export dependency of MENA countries: Drivers, trends, and prospects. Energy Policy, 38(2), pp.1098-1107. Carbon fix. (2013). Nature Climate Change, 3(9), pp.765-765. Chortareas, G., Cipollini, A. and Eissa, M. (2011). Exchange Rates and Stock Prices in the MENA Countries: What Role for Oil?. Review of Development Economics, 15(4), pp.758-774. He, J. (2015). China's INDC and non-fossil energy development. Advances in Climate Change Research, 6(3-4), pp.210-215. International Monetary Fund, (2014). Mexico: Selected Issues Paper. IMF Staff Country Reports, 14(320), p.1. Khatib, H. (2014). Oil and natural gas prospects: The Middle East and North Africa. Energy Policy, 64, pp.71-77. McLean, E., and Stone, R. (2012). The Kyoto Protocol: Two-Level Bargaining and European Integration1. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), pp.99-113. Neeff, T. (2013). How many will attend Paris? UNFCCC COP participation patterns 19952015. Environmental Science Policy, 31, pp.157-159. Oil demand and transportation: an overview. (2015). OPEC Energy Review, 39(4), pp.349-375. Raben, F. and Snip, E. (2014). The MENA region is developing, but can it keep its promise?. Research World, 2014(48), pp.6-11. Rose, A., Wei, D. and Bento, A. (n.d.). Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. SSRN Electronic Journal. Shebeb, B. (2015). Perspectives on the GCC Monetary Union. Applied Economics and Finance, 3(1). The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Oil Exporters After the Global Crisis. (2012). CBR, 11(07). UNFCCC: Climate Change. (2009). Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 46(9), pp.18402C-18403B. Answer:

Al Gore Essays - Bush Family, Vice Presidents Of The United States

Al Gore Al Gore Running mate: Sen. Joe Lieberman. Current position: Vice president of the United States Political experience: Vice-President of the United States (1993-present); US senator from Tennessee (1985-1993); candidate for the Democratic nomination for president (1987-1988); US representative from Tennessee, (1977-1985) Work experience: farmer (1973-1990); investigative reporter, editorial writer, The Tennessean (1971-1976); home builder and land developer, Tanglewood Home Builders Co. (1971-1976) Party affiliation: Democrat Educational background: B.A., Harvard University, 1969; Vanderbilt University Law School, 1974-76. Military experience: U.S. Army, 1969-1971 Spouse: Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson Gore Children: Karenna, Kristin, Sarah, Albert Religion: Baptist Birthdate: March 31, 1948 in Washington D.C. Why he wants to be president: I want to keep our prosperity going, and I know how to do it. I want to do it the right way - not by letting people fend for themselves, or hoping for crumbs of compassion. June 1999, announcing his candidacy George W. Bush Running mate: Dick Cheney Current position: Governor of Texas Born: July 6, 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut, the eldest son of former President George Bush. Grew up in Midland, Texas. Attempting to become the second president's son to occupy the White House. First was the 6th president John Quincy Adams, son of the second President John Adams. Political experience: Governor of Texas (1995-present); adviser and speechwriter for his father's presidential campaign (1987-88); Republican nominee for US representative from Texas' 19th district (1978) Work experience: managing general partner, Texas Rangers baseball team (1989-94); consultant, Harken Energy Corporation (1986); president, Spectrum Corporation (1984-86); founder and CEO, Bush Exploration (1975-84) Party affiliation: Republican Educational background: B.A., Yale University, 1968; M.B.A., Harvard University, 1975. Military experience: Pilot in the Texas Air National Guard, 1968-73 Spouse: Laura Welch Bush Children: Twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Religion: Methodist, renewed faith aged 40 after counselling from evangelist Billy Graham. Jesus is his favorite philosopher or thinker because he changed my heart Birthdate: July 6, 1946 Contact information: George W. Bush for President, (512) 637-2000; Governor's office, (512) 463-2000. Why he wants to be president: I think our country is ready for a fresh start after a season of cynicism. Speech, February 2, South Carolina. Democratic platform backs open trade, death penalty News-Journal Wire Services ST. LOUIS - Pushing a centrist agenda, the Democrats' platform committee drafted a statement of principles calling for open trade, teacher certification and continued support for the death penalty despite objections from liberal, education and labor interest groups. The policy positions dovetail with the agenda of Vice President Al Gore, the Democratic presidential candidate who also supports capital punishment despite growing debate nationwide about its fairness. Meeting Friday, the committee added an amendment to the death penalty plank in the party platform, calling for DNA evidence to be used when appropriate and for efforts to ensure defendants effective legal counsel, which is in line with Gore's view. Some believe serious consideration ought to be given to repealing the death penalty, said Gerald Shea, assistant to the president for government affairs of the AFL-CIO, citing differences of opinion on the committee. I think the party is committed to being tough on crime. The Democratic Party spent the past decade trying to shake a soft-on-crime image that Republicans promoted. Texas Gov. George W. Bush, Gore's Republican opponent, has come under fire for heading a state with the nation's highest number of executions: more than 130 since Bush took office in 1995. North Carolina Gov. Jim Hunt, who oversees the draft committee, said he believes Democrats will support the stand. There are differences in the party about the death penalty, he said. But the vice president and I support it in certain cases. The draft committee will submit the document to the platform committee on July 29 in Cleveland. Democrats will weigh final approval during their national convention, Aug. 14-17, in Los Angeles. I believe it's a platform the Vice President Gore can run on, and it's a platform he can win on, said Hunt. Specifically: -On trade, the proposed policy does not address the issue of favored trade status for China, which has been a source of contention within the party and among big labor. But it encourages the need to aggressively open new markets in which to sell our goods - at home and abroad. Major industrial unions have opposed the context and tone of such language. Democrats included a pledge to educate American workers so that they can compete for jobs in a global economy. The platform also vows to protect human rights and the environment. It's not the kind of document we would write, said the Shea of the AFL-CIO, which has endorsed Gore. But in the context of it being an outside group's document, we

Facts About Frass (Bug Poop)

Facts About Frass (Bug Poop) Insects do poop, but we call their poop frass. Some insect frass is liquid, while other insects form their frass into pellets. In any case, the insect is eliminating waste from its body through its anus, which meets the definition of poop, for sure. Some insects dont let their waste go to waste. The insect world is filled with examples of bugs that use their frass for food, for self-defense, or even for construction material. Insects That Put Their Poop to Good Use Termites arent born with the gut microbes needed to digest wood, so they first feed on feces from adults, often right from their anuses. Along with the frass, the young ingest some microbes, which then set up shop in their guts. This practice, called anal trophallaxis, is also practiced by some ants. Bess beetles, which also feed on wood, dont have larval jaws strong enough to handle the tough fiber. They feed on the protein-rich poop of their adult caretakers instead. Bess beetles also use poop to construct protective pupal cases. The larvae cant do the work on their own, though. Adults help them form the feces into a case around them. Three-lined potato beetles use their poop as an unusual defense against predators. When feeding on nightshade plants, the beetles ingest alkaloids, which are toxic to animal predators. The toxins get excreted in their frass. As the beetles poop, they contract muscles to direct the flow of feces onto their backs. Soon, the beetles are piled high with poop, an effective chemical shield against predators. How Social Insects Keep the Poop From Piling Up Social insects  need to keep a sanitary household, and  they employ clever housekeeping strategies to remove or contain all that frass. Frass cleanup is usually a job for adult insects. Adult  cockroaches  gather up all the poop and carry it out of the nest. Some wood-boring beetle adults pack frass into older, unused tunnels. In some leafcutter ant colonies, specific ants get the poop removal job and spend their entire lives carting off their familys frass. Being the designated pooper scooper is a thankless job, and relegates these individuals to the bottom of the social ladder. Social bees can hold their poop in for weeks or months at a time.  Bee larvae  have a blind gut, separate from the alimentary canal. The poop simply accumulates in the blind gut through their development. When they become adults, the young bees expel all the accumulated waste in one giant fecal pellet, called the meconium.  Honey bees  ceremoniously drop their mighty larval turds on their first flights from the nest. Termite  guts contain specialized bacteria that sanitize their feces. Their poop is so clean they can use it as construction material when building their nests. Eastern tent caterpillars  live together in silken tents, which quickly fill with frass. They expand their tents as they grow and the poop accumulates, to keep some distance between them and their frass. Insect Poop in the Ecosystem Frass makes the world go round, in some important ways. Insects take the worlds waste, digest it, and poop out something useful. Scientists discovered a link between the rainforest canopy and the forest floor. It was insect poop. Millions of insects inhabit the treetops, munching away on leaves and other plant parts. All those insects also poop, covering the ground below with their frass. Microbes go to work decomposing the frass, releasing nutrients back into the soil. Trees and other plants need the nutrient-rich soil to thrive. Some insects, like  termites  and  dung beetles, serve as primary decomposers in their ecosystems. Termite digestive systems are chock full of microbes capable of breaking down stubborn cellulose and lignin from wood. Termites and other wood-eating insects do the hard part, then pass the significantly decomposed plant bits on to secondary decomposers through their frass. An enormous percentage of forest biomass passes through insect guts, on its way to becoming  new soil. And how about rotting carcasses and animal dung? Insects help break down all the nasty bits in the environment and turn them into something much less objectionable, frass. Most insect poop isnt large enough to contain whole seeds, but poop from big grasshoppers called wetas is an exception to that rule. Scientists found the wetas, which live in New Zealand, can poop viable fruit seeds. The seeds found in weta frass germinate better than seeds which simply fall to the ground. Since the wetas move, they carry the fruit seeds to new locations, helping trees spread throughout the ecosystem.

Characteristics of the Modern Theories of International Trade Research Paper

Characteristics of the Modern Theories of International Trade - Research Paper Example Heckscher-Ohlin theory outlines the reasons for trade between countries based on the differences in resources. Comparative advantage in this case is dependent on the interaction between resources available in a certain country. According to this theory, the production technology influences relative intensity in utilization of different production factors. The theory presumes some factors in production of different goods and the implications when two countries involved in trade produce similar items (Gandolfo 1-98). This theorem explains the trade patterns with emphasis on variation of quality defining the variation in requirements. This theory has enhanced specialization where a country exports products that it  can produce rather than the products that are unsuitable for production. As a result, the countries involved will benefit from the trade within the international business environment (Gandolfo 1-98). The theory outlines two factors influencing the distribution of income. Firstly, immediate transfer of resources from a country without costs is impossible. Secondly, the difference in changes of production mix in relation to the production factors’ demand varies depending on the  industry. Another characteristic of the theory is that it points out that capital and territory are examples of specific factors, while labor acts as a mobile factor (Gandolfo 1-98). In modern business environment, any country with less land and high capital abundance is characterized by an increase in the manufactured goods and decrease in the food products because of the increase in the marginal productivity. Two countries in trade partnership have an integrated economy, and failure of one country to trade translates to equality in rate of production and consumption (Gandolfo 1-98). This theory outlines curve of relative supply that results from production possibility. On the other hand, the theory